低分子有机酸对贵州黄壤龙葵吸收镉的影响

[目的]探讨低分子有机酸对龙葵吸收镉(Cd)的影响,以期为提高贵州地区黄壤重金属污染的植物修复效率提供科学依据.[方法]采用盆栽试验种植龙葵,待龙葵生长60 d后,将不同浓度的低分子有机酸(柠檬酸、苹果酸和酒石酸)及其复合处理(柠檬酸+苹果酸、柠檬酸+酒石酸)以溶液形式加入土壤,以添加500 mL去离子水为对照(CK),1个月后收获植株样品并采集土壤样品,分析不同处理对龙葵生长及吸收转运重金属Cd的影响.[结果]柠檬酸添加量为2.5 mmol/kg时龙葵单株生物量最高,较CK显著增加6.75%(P<0.05,下同),其他处理的生物量均低于CK.3种有机酸均能强化龙葵根、茎、叶和果实对Cd的吸收,表现为苹果酸>酒石酸>柠檬酸,各部位的Cd含量表现为叶>茎>根>果实,且均在苹果酸添加量为5.0 mmol/kg时达最大值,分别为CK的1.68、1.53、1.21和1.32倍.添加2.5 mmol/kg酒石酸和5.0 mmol/kg苹果酸时龙葵对Cd的累积量较高,二者显著高于其他处理.添加柠檬酸、苹果酸和酒石酸均能提高龙葵对Cd的转移和富集能力,作用表现为苹果酸>酒石酸>柠檬酸,其中,添加5.0 mmol/kg苹果酸时龙葵对Cd的富集系数最大,为12.81.相对于单一有机酸处理,复合有机酸处理对龙葵富集Cd的能力无明显优势.[结论]添加适当浓度的柠檬酸、苹果酸和酒石酸均能提高龙葵各部位对Cd的吸收及土壤Cd从地下向地上部转移的能力,促进龙葵对Cd的转移和富集;其中苹果酸添加量为5.0 mmol/kg时,龙葵对Cd的累积量相对较高且富集系数最大,对土壤中Cd的植物修复效果最好.     

木薯抗细菌性枯萎病生理特性研究

[目的]探讨木薯抗细菌性枯萎病的生理特性,为木薯抗细菌性枯萎病品种选育提供依据.[方法]以木薯品种新选048为试验材料,采用桶栽方式室外种植木薯,在木薯苗期和块根形成期以针刺法接种细菌性枯萎病病原菌,以不接种病原菌的木薯叶片为对照,分别于接种后7和14 d采样测定脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,对比分析人工接种侵染后发病叶与健康叶的生理指标差异.[结果]细菌性枯萎病病原菌接种侵染后,木薯发病叶片的Pro含量及POD、PPO和CAT活性均高于对照.苗期接种7和14 d后,接种病原菌叶片的Pro含量分别较对照极显著提高83.3%和112.5%(P<0.01,下同),块根形成期接种7和14 d后,接种病原菌叶片的Pro含量分别较对照极显著提高110.2%和120.2%;苗期和块根形成期接种14 d后,接种病原菌叶片的MDA含量分别较对照显著降低30.9%和17.9%(P<0.05,下同),POD活性分别较对照极显著提高66.7%和96.4%,PPO活性分别较对照显著提高43.1%和30.4%,CAT活性分别较对照显著提高31.2%和28.9%.苗期和块根形成期2次接种侵染后发病叶片的可溶性糖含量、SOD活性和PAL活性多无显著差异(P>0.05).[结论]木薯叶片的Pro和MDA含量及POD、PPO和CAT活性与木薯抗细菌性枯萎病有密切关系,这些指标可作为木薯抗细菌性枯萎病评价的生理指标.     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.     

木枣抗裂变异系的鉴定和果实性状分析

在枣品种的抗裂性调查中，发现“木枣”存在变异系。本研究以“木枣”、变异系“V1”、变异系“V2”和易裂品种“狗头枣”为供试材料，在采用冷水浸泡法进行室内裂果率测定和抗裂性分析的基础上，对单果重、果纵茎、果横茎、果纵横茎比、单核重、核纵茎、核横茎、核纵横茎比、梗洼宽度、肉核比、含水量等果实性状进行了测定。结果表明：裂果率表现为狗头枣>V1≈木枣>V2，筛选出木枣优良抗裂变异系V2，与木枣遗传背景一致，抗裂性又极显著优于木枣，可为后续裂果机理研究和抗裂品种选育提供育种材料。品种的抗裂性与果形、核形、肉核比、梗洼宽度有关。果实较小、果核较小、果形细长、肩大尾尖、肉核比高、梗洼宽度大，抗裂性好。     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫膜结合海藻糖酶基因RNAi效应

海藻糖是昆虫的血糖，为昆虫提供能量；海藻糖酶催化海藻糖分解为葡萄糖，是几丁质生物合成的原料。围食膜（peritrophic membranes，PMs）是昆虫消化道特有结构，对昆虫消化食物、保护肠道表皮细胞具有重要作用；几丁质是PMs的重要组分。海藻糖酶（trehalase，Tre）和几丁质合成酶（chitin synthase，CHS）是几丁质合成途径的第1个和最后1个酶。本研究通过饲喂亚洲玉米螟（Orstrinia furnacalis，Asian corn borer，ACB）膜结合海藻糖酶（OfMT）基因特异的干扰dsRNA，研究RNAi对ACB幼虫中肠CHSB（OfCHSB）基因表达及幼虫发育的影响。发现处理48 h后，OfMT基因和OfCHSB基因表达量分别下降了52%和53%，幼虫发育迟缓。通过对处理及对照ACB幼虫中肠石蜡切片进行苏木精-伊红染色（hematoxylin-ethanol，HE染色）和几丁质标记，发现血腔内脂肪体组织减小、中肠围食膜组织中几丁质含量减少。推测OfMT基因有可能成为ACB的生物防治的靶标基因。     

赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的化学组成、能量密度及对鳜的营养价值

为评价赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)和麦瑞加拉鲮(Cirrhinus mrigala)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的营养价值,分别测定了体质量为(5.27±1.03)g的赤眼鳟、(5.05±1.21)g的麦瑞加拉鲮和(5.19±0.92)g的鳜的化学组成,估算了这3种鱼的能量密度,以探讨赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜的可行性。结果显示,赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的全鱼蛋白质含量显著高于鳜,水分显著低于鳜(P0.05),必需氨基酸指数分别高达92.56%±2.31%和93.17%±0.36%,多数必需氨基酸的化学评分≥0.82。而赤眼鳟的脂肪和能量密度更高,显著高于麦瑞加拉鲮和鳜,灰分显著低于麦瑞加拉鲮(P0.05)。研究表明,这两种鱼对鳜都具有较高的营养价值,但赤眼鳟的营养价值更高,以赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜是可行的,这为转变鳜的养殖方式提供了参考。     

OCX-32基因内含子变异对长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响

[目的]探讨OCX-32基因对长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质的遗传效应,为长顺绿壳蛋鸡的保种选育及开发利用提供参考依据.[方法]以长顺绿壳蛋鸡为材料,采用PCR产物直接测序法筛选OCX-32基因SNP多态位点,实时荧光定量PCR检测组织表达谱,运用SPSS 19.0广义线性模型(GLM)分析SNP位点基因型或双倍型与所测定性状指标的相关性.[结果]在长顺绿壳蛋鸡OCX-32基因中检测到3个SNPs位点,分别是位于内含子1上的g.22592323G>T及内含子3上的g.22597350T>C和g.22597555G>A.卡方(χ2)检测结果发现,g.22597350T>C位点的基因型分布显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.05,下同).连锁不平衡分析结果显示,3个SNPs突变位点不存在强连锁不平衡,共发现4种单倍型和8种双倍型,单倍型H1和双倍型H1H2频率最高,分别为0.523和0.345.实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,OCX-32基因在长顺绿壳蛋鸡12个组织中存在不同程度的表达,表达量排序为肾脏>心脏>子宫>腹脂>小肠>脾脏>肝脏>腺胃>胸肌>胰腺>肺脏>肌胃.关联分析结果显示,g.22597350T>C位点CC基因型在蛋壳强度和蛋壳重2个品质指标上显著高于CT基因型和TT基因型;双倍型H4H4个体的蛋壳强度显著高于其他7种双倍型个体,蛋壳重显著高于H2H4个体.[结论]OCX-32基因内含子变异能影响长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质,检测到的3个SNPs位点可作为鸡蛋壳品质选择的遗传分子标记,其中突变位点g.22597350T>C的CC基因型和双倍型H4H4是影响蛋壳强度和蛋壳重的关键基因型和双倍型,有利改善蛋壳品质.     

枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1与化学杀菌剂复配对橡胶树炭疽病菌的抑菌活性

[目的]探究枯草芽孢杆菌与化学杀菌剂协同防治橡胶炭疽病的可行性,构建由生防菌与化学杀菌剂组成的菌药复配剂,为橡胶炭疽病的可持续防治提供科学依据.[方法]以6种化学杀菌剂(咪鲜胺、百菌清、根康、嘧霉胺、丙环唑和嘧菌酯)及2株菌株(枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1和橡胶胶孢炭疽菌RC178)为试验材料,采用菌丝生长速率法测定6种化学杀菌剂对RC178的室内毒力,稀释平板涂布法测定6种杀菌剂与Czk1的相容性,抑菌圈法测定Czk1对RC178的室内毒力,Horsfall法明确菌药的复配方案.[结果]室内毒力测定研究结果显示,6种杀菌剂中咪鲜胺对RC178的抑菌效果最好,其有效抑制中浓度(EC50)仅为0.0778μg/mL,其次为百菌清和根康,EC50分别为0.4694和0.4733μg/mL.化学杀菌剂与Czk1的相容性测定结果表明,嘧霉胺、嘧菌酯、丙环唑、根康和咪鲜胺与Czk1的相容性均较好,其中根康在中高浓度下还能促进Czk1菌落数量的增长.将浓度为4.75×107 CFU/mL的Czk1分别与浓度为10.4733μg/mL的根康和浓度为0.0778μg/mL的咪鲜胺混配,Czk1:根康=7:3(v/v)时对RC178抑制的增效作用最强,增效比率(IR)为1.36;Czk1:咪鲜胺=8:2(v/v)时对RC178抑制的增效作用最强,IR为1.65.[结论]枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1与咪鲜胺和根康具有较好的相容性,Czk1发酵液分别与咪鲜胺和根康复配对橡胶炭疽病菌RC178的抑菌活性具有明显增效作用,具有开发成菌药制剂的潜力.     

绿肥、蚕沙有机肥配施化肥对免耕稻田土壤碳库平衡的影响

[目的]探索免耕稻田绿肥、蚕沙有机肥投入对土壤有机碳积累及CO2和CH4排放的影响,为保护性耕作稻田土壤碳固持及稻田减肥增效的农业有机资源可持续利用提供理论依据.[方法]在前期粉垄与常规耕作基础上,2018—2019年连续开展田间免耕试验,在同等养分投入条件下,设置绿肥、蚕沙有机肥与化肥配施模式,以常规施用化肥为对照,同步设不施肥空白对照,保护性耕作试验第2年,采用分离式静态箱—气象色谱法测定稻田温室气体CO2和CH4排放通量,同时在水稻返青期、分蘖期、齐穗期和收获期采集0~15 cm耕层土壤,测定土壤有机碳含量.[结果]在粉垄免耕模式下,蚕沙有机肥配施化肥处理耕层土壤有机碳含量在返青期和分蘖期较常规免耕模式提高56%和19%;水稻返青期、分蘖期、齐穗期和收获期粉垄免耕稻田绿肥配施化肥处理的土壤有机碳含量较单施化肥处理分别提高111%、30%、74%和31%,较不施肥处理分别提高90%、22%、58%和22%;蚕沙有机肥配施化肥处理较单施化肥处理分别提高148%、90%、48%和39%,较不施肥处理分别提高113%、78%、35%和29%.粉垄免耕模式下,与单施化肥处理相比,绿肥配施化肥处理的CO2累积排放量降低16.9%,蚕沙有机肥配施化肥处理降低15.1%;CH4排放通量出现2个峰值,常规免耕和粉垄免耕模式下,绿肥配施化肥处理的CH4排放通量峰值分别是单施化肥处理的7.69和7.61倍.绿肥和蚕沙有机肥配施化肥降低了稻田土壤CO2累积排放量,增加了CH4累积排放量.[结论]粉垄免耕稻田施用绿肥、蚕沙有机肥利于土壤有机碳积累,减少CO2温室气体排放,可作为一种稻田土壤固碳减排可持续生产应用技术.     

Quantitative trait loci analysis for root traits in synthetic hexaploid wheat under drought stress conditions

Synthetic hexaploid wheat(SHW), possesses numerous genes for drought that can help breeding for drought-tolerant wheat varieties. We evaluated 10 root traits at seedling stage in 111 F9 recombinant inbred lines derived from a F2 population of a SHW line(SHW-L1) and a common wheat line, under normal(NC) and polyethylene glycol-simulated drought stress conditions(DC). We mapped quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for root traits using an enriched high-density genetic map containing 120 370 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs), 733 diversity arrays technology markers(DArT) and 119 simple sequence repeats(SSRs). With four replicates per treatment, we identified 19 QTLs for root traits under NC and DC, and 12 of them could be consistently detected with three or four replicates. Two novel QTLs for root fresh weight and root diameter under NC explained 9 and 15.7% of the phenotypic variation respectively, and six novel QTLs for root fresh weight, the ratio of root water loss, total root surface area, number of root tips, and number of root forks under DC explained 8.5–14% of the phenotypic variation. Here seven of eight novel QTLs could be consistently detected with more than three replicates. Results provide essential information for fine-mapping QTLs related to drought tolerance that will facilitate breeding drought-tolerant wheat cultivars.